Sashen Kula da Motocin Lantarki na PUMBAA (MCU) PMC10A

Siffofin mai kula da motar mota:

(1) Babban aiki: Mai sarrafawa yana da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya mai yawa a ƙananan gudu (yawanci fiye da sau biyu na wutar lantarki da aka ƙididdige), da kuma ƙarfin injin mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a manyan gudu.

(2) Babban ƙarfin juyi: Idan ƙarfin farawa ya yi girma, ana buƙatar mai sarrafawa don fitar da babban wutar lantarki a ƙaramin gudu.

(3) Babban gudu: A cikin mafi girman kewayon gudu, tsarin tuƙi yana buƙatar babban yanki mai ƙarfi akai-akai, saboda haka, ana buƙatar mai sarrafawa ya sami ƙarfin maganadisu mai ƙarfi.

(4) Babban inganci: Makamashin sabbin motocin makamashi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, kuma ingancin tsarin tuƙi yana shafar kewayon kai tsaye, don haka ana buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin tuƙi don rage asarar tsarin tuƙi.

Gabatarwa: Daga cikin "tsarin lantarki uku" (batir, mota, sarrafa wutar lantarki) na motocin lantarki (EVs), ana kiran Sashin Kula da Motoci (MCU)—wanda aka fi sani da mai sarrafa motar—da "kwakwalwar wutar lantarki." A matsayinsa na kwamanda mai cikakken iko, yana canza makamashin wutar lantarki na batirin zuwa makamashin injina na motar, yana tantance kewayon motar kai tsaye, amsawar wutar lantarki, da kuma ƙwarewar tuƙi. Wannan labarin zai fassara "kalmar sirri ta fasaha" ta wannan babban ɓangaren ta hanyar bincika tsarin kayan aikinsa, ƙa'idodin aiki, da ayyukan fasaha daga manyan masu kera motoci kamar Tesla da BYD.

I. Mai Kula da Motoci: "Kwakwalwar Wuta" ta EV

Mai sarrafa motar (wanda aka takaita shi da "sarrafa wutar lantarki") shine cibiyar tsakiyar tsarin tuƙi na lantarki, wanda ke da alhakin haɗa batirin, injin, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da tsarin manyan matakai (misali, Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi (BMS) da Tsarin Tuƙi Mai Zaman Kansa (ADS)). Babban ƙimarsa tana bayyana a cikin manyan fannoni uku:

Inganta Inganci: Ta hanyar sarrafa aikin mota daidai (misali, Kula da Filin da Aka Shirya (FOC)), yana haɓaka ingancin motar zuwa sama da kashi 97%.

Amsar Wuta: Yana ba da damar daidaita karfin juyi na matakin millisecond (misali, martanin daƙiƙa 0.1 na Tesla Model 3) don inganta aikin hanzartawa/birki.

·Tabbatar da Tsaro: Yana sa ido kan sigogi kamar zafin jiki da na yanzu, yana haifar da hanyoyin kariya (misali, rufewar zafi fiye da kima) don hana haɗurra.

Bayanai sun nuna cewa masu sarrafa motoci masu aiki sosai na iya inganta kewayon EV da kashi 5%-15%, hanzarta amsawar wutar lantarki da daƙiƙa 0.2-0.5, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin babban mai taimakawa fasahar EV a ƙarƙashin manufofin "dual carbon".

(Zane-zanen Ka'idojin Aiki)

II. Tsarin Kayan Aiki na Mai Kula da Mota: "Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Jijiyoyi" daga Kwamfutoci zuwa Hanyoyin Sadarwa

Tsarin kayan aikin na'urar sarrafa mota dole ne ya daidaita "ƙarfin lissafi, aminci, da farashi," tare da manyan abubuwan da suka haɗa da babban guntu na sarrafawa, hanyoyin haɗin firikwensin, kayan sadarwa, na'urar sarrafa wutar lantarki (PMU), da tsarin sanyaya (duba Hoto na 1).

2.1 Babban Kwamfutar Sarrafawa: "Ƙwaƙwalwar Kwakwalwa" ta Mai Sarrafawa
Babban guntu na sarrafawa shine zuciyar mai sarrafa motar, yana tantance ƙarfin lissafinsa da daidaiton sarrafawa.

2.2 Hanyoyin Sadarwa Masu Sauƙi: Gadojin Haɗa "Duniyar Jiki"
Mai kula da motar yana buƙatar samun bayanai game da yanayin abin hawa na ainihin lokaci ta hanyar na'urori masu auna firikwensin, tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na gama gari waɗanda suka haɗa da:
​·Na'urori Masu auna sigina na yanzu: Kula da yanayin wutar lantarki na lokacin motar (daidai ±0.5%) don ƙididdige ƙarfin juyi da ƙarfi.
​·Na'urori Masu auna matsayi: Kamar masu warwarewa da masu ɓoye bayanai, kimanta matsayin rotor (daidai ±0.1°) don tabbatar da aikin injin tare.
Na'urori masu auna zafin jiki: Masu juriya na platinum na PT100 ko kuma masu auna zafin jiki na NTC suna lura da zafin jiki na injin/mai sarrafawa (daidai ± 1°C).
Na'urori Masu auna ƙarfin lantarki: Kula da ƙarfin batirin (daidai ± 0.1V) don hana caji/fitar da ruwa fiye da kima.

2.3 Sassan Sadarwa: Mabuɗin "Haɗakar Motoci da Girgije"
Mai kula da motar yana sadarwa da sauran tsarin cikin mota ta hanyar ladabi kamar:
​·Bas ɗin CAN: Yana haɗa BMS (sarrafa batir), ADS (tuki mai sarrafa kansa), da kuma ƙungiyar kayan aiki don aika bayanai (misali, Yanayin Cajin (SOC), saurin gudu, lambobin kuskure) a 500 kbps.
Ethernet: Yana ba da damar watsa bayanai mai sauri ga na'urori masu auna firikwensin kamar kyamarorin HD da LiDARs a 1 Gbps.
Sadarwar Mara waya: Tana goyon bayan sabunta OTA (misali, Tesla tana amfani da 4G/5G don sabunta algorithms na sarrafa mota).

(MCU)

III. Abubuwan da ke Faruwa a Nan Gaba: "Hanyar Wayo" da "Haɗakarwa" na Masu Kula da Motoci

Yayin da EVs suka rikide zuwa "tashoshin motsi masu hankali," ayyuka da aikin masu kula da motoci za su ci gaba da haɓakawa. Manyan halaye guda uku sun cancanci kulawa:

3.1 Haɗawa: "Haɗa Yankuna da Yawa" Tsarin Haɗaka

Masu sarrafa motoci na gargajiya, inverters, da firikwensin abubuwa ne da ba sa canzawa (masu girma da tsada). Masu sarrafa motoci na gaba za su cimma haɗin kai ta hanyar:

Haɗin SoC + Inverter: Haɗa na'urar sarrafa mota tare da na'urorin inverter IGBT/SiC zuwa guntu ɗaya (misali, tsarin tuƙi na lantarki na Tesla na "uku-cikin-ɗaya"), rage girma da kashi 40% da farashi da kashi 25%.

​·Na'urori Masu Haɗawa: Haɗa na'urori masu auna zafin jiki da na yanzu a cikin mai sarrafa motar (misali, ADuCM410 na ADI) don rage wayoyi na waje (rage yawan lalacewa da kashi 30%).

3.2 Ingantaccen Inganci: Dandalin Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma na V 800 da Na'urorin Faɗin Bandgap

Dandalin manyan ƙarfin lantarki na 800V (misali, Porsche Taycan, Xpeng G9) suna rage wutar lantarki (ta hanyar I=P/UI = P/UI=P/U) don rage asarar wayoyi. Amfani da na'urori masu faɗi (misali, SiC MOSFETs) yana haɓaka ingancin mai sarrafa mota (Na'urorin SiC suna da ƙarancin asarar watsawa fiye da IGBTs na silicon), yana tura ingancin tuƙi na lantarki fiye da 98% (misali, mai sarrafa motar Huawei DriveONE ya cimma mafi girman ingancin 98.5%).

3.3 Hankali: Juyin Halitta tare da Tuki Mai Zaman Kanta

Masu sarrafa motoci za su haɗu sosai da Tsarin Tuki Mai Zaman Kanta (ADS) don rufe madaurin "fahimta-yanke shawara-aiwatar":

​·Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin fahimta: Karɓi "nufin tuƙi" na ADS (misali, "hanzarta zuwa 80 km/h cikin daƙiƙa 2") don daidaita fitowar ƙarfin injin kafin lokaci da kuma guje wa hanzarin kwatsam.

Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yanke shawara: Inganta dabarun sarrafawa ta hanyar algorithms na koyon na'ura (misali, koyon ƙarfafawa) don canza yanayin tuƙi ta atomatik bisa ga yanayin hanya.

Haɗin kai na Aiwatarwa: Taimakawa "yanayin tuƙi na musamman" (misali, wasanni/ta'aziyya/halayyar muhalli) da kuma daidaita sigogi ta hanyar sabuntawar OTA (misali, "layin juyi na musamman na Tesla").

(Zane-zanen Ka'idojin Aiki na MCU)

Kammalawa

Mai kula da motar lantarki shine babban cibiyar da ke haɗa "makamashin lantarki" da "makamashin injiniya." Cikakkun bayanai a cikin ƙirar tsarinsa (misali, SoCs masu core da yawa, na'urorin SiC) da ƙa'idodin aiki (misali, algorithms na FOC, dawo da makamashi) sun jagoranci EVs kai tsaye zuwa ga ingantaccen aiki, hankali, da aminci.

A nan gaba, tare da zurfafa haɗin kai, ingantaccen aiki, da fasahar zamani, masu sarrafa motoci za su zama babban abin da zai taimaka wajen cimma burin "dual carbon" a cikin EVs, wanda zai buɗe ƙarin damammaki ga motsi.