Injinan tuƙi na Pumbaa 60KW PMSM don abin hawa na lantarki PML60

1. Injin waya mai faɗi
• Tsarin naɗewa na motar yana canzawa a hankali daga waya mai zagaye zuwa waya mai faɗi, tare da babban saurin cika rami, gajerun ƙarewa, ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai yawa da ƙarfin watsa zafi mai ƙarfi.

2. Tsarin rufin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
• Injin yana ɗaukar sabbin kayan rufewa da hanyoyin aiki don biyan buƙatun mitar sauyawa mai yawa na masu sarrafa SiC don injunan da ke ƙara saurin gudu

•3. Bearings masu sauri da nauyi masu kariya daga iska
• Tsarin motar yana amfani da bearings masu rufi, waɗanda zasu iya cika buƙatun ƙira na 24000RPM/min; Kuma yana iya hana samar da tsatsa ta lantarki ta bearings yadda ya kamata.

4. Injin mai sanyaya mai
• Injin yana amfani da tsarin sanyaya mai mai sauri, wanda ke rage ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige bayan an rage girmansa, wanda ba wai kawai yana inganta inganci ba, har ma yana inganta rayuwar sabis na tsarin.

5. Kyakkyawan aikin NVH
• Na'urar juyawar motar tana ɗaukar tsarin sandar da aka raba, wanda ke inganta NVH na tsarin motar yadda ya kamata

A fannin sarrafa kansa na masana'antu, sabbin motocin makamashi, da kuma na'urorin robot masu inganci, injinan synchronous na dindindin na magnet (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, PMSM) sun fito a matsayin babban zaɓi ga tsarin tuƙi saboda babban ingancinsu, ƙaramin girmansu, da kuma halayen amsawar motsi masu ƙarfi. Wannan labarin yana ba da cikakken bincike na wannan fasahar mota mai mahimmanci daga fannoni da yawa, gami da ma'ana, ƙa'idodin aiki, ƙirar tsari, dabaru na sarrafawa, fa'idodi da rashin amfani, da kuma kwatantawa da injinan mita masu canzawa na BLDC.

I. Ma'ana da Muhimman Halayen PMSM

Motar synchronous mai dindindin na maganadisu wata motar AC mai matakai uku ce. Siffar da ke bayyana shi ita ce rotor ba ya buƙatar naɗewar motsawa; maimakon haka, yana samar da filin maganadisu mai ɗorewa kai tsaye ta hanyar maganadisu na dindindin (misali, neodymium-iron-boron, samarium-cobalt), wanda ke aiki tare da filin maganadisu mai juyawa wanda naɗewar stator ke samarwa.

Idan aka kwatanta da injinan induction na gargajiya, PMSMs suna da fa'idodi masu yawa:

;● Babban inganci: Na'urar rotor ba ta haifar da asarar motsin rai ba (asarar jan ƙarfe ba ta da yawa), wanda ke haifar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki sama da kashi 30% fiye da na injinan induction.

;● Babban martani mai ƙarfi: Yana da ikon isar da cikakken ƙarfin juyi a sifili, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ayyukan farawa akai-akai.

;● Ƙaramin hayaniya da kuma juyi mai santsi: An ƙera shi da ƙarfin electromotive na baya na sinusoidal (EMF), yana aiki ba tare da girgiza ba.

;● Babban ƙarfin lantarki: Ana samar da filin maganadisu na rotor ta hanyar maganadisu na dindindin, wanda ke kawar da ɓangaren motsawa a cikin ƙarfin stator. Sakamakon haka, ƙarfin tsarin ya kusanci 1.

(PMSM)

II. Ka'idar Aiki ta PMSM

Aikin PMSM ya dogara ne akan tsarin "haɗakar filin maganadisu na stator-rotor", wanda ke gudana kamar haka:

​1. Samar da filin maganadisu mai juyawa na stator: Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar AC mai matakai uku a kan naɗe-naɗen matakai uku na stator, ana samar da filin maganadisu mai juyawa a cikin rata na iska, yana juyawa a saurin daidaitawa ns=60f/p

(inda f shine mitar samar da wutar lantarki kuma p shine adadin nau'ikan sandunan).

2. Daidaita filin maganadisu na rotor: Filin maganadisu daga maganadisu na dindindin na rotor yana hulɗa da filin maganadisu na stator, yana samar da karfin lantarki wanda ke motsa rotor ya juya a saurin daidaitawa tare da filin stator.

​3. Siffar da ba ta fara kanta ba: Saboda rashin sanin matsayin farko na rotor da kuma rashin iya samar da karfin farawa da kansa, PMSMs suna buƙatar haɗin kai da inverter (yana ba da ƙarfin mita mai canzawa) don cimma farawa mai laushi. Aiki na yau da kullun yana farawa ne kawai bayan saurin ya kai wani matsayi.

III. Tsarin PMSM: Stator da Rotor

Tsarin PMSM yayi kama da na injin synchronous na yau da kullun, amma ƙirar rotor ɗinsa shine babban mai bambancewa, wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga aiki da yanayin aikace-aikacen.

1. Stator: Cibiyar Canza Makamashi

Tsarin stator ɗin ya yi daidai da na injinan AC induction, waɗanda galibi suka ƙunshi tsakiyar ƙarfe da naɗaɗɗen matakai uku:

;● Tushen ƙarfe: An yi shi da zanen ƙarfe na silicon da aka laminated don rage asarar wutar lantarki.

● Na'urorin haɗi: Ana rarraba na'urorin haɗi masu matakai uku a cikin ramukan stator. Idan aka kunna su, suna samar da EMF na baya kusa da sinusoidal, suna tabbatar da cewa wutar lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki suna cikin tsari (haɓaka ƙarfin).

2. Na'urar Juyawa: Babban Maganganu Masu Dindindin Ke Tuƙawa

Na'urar rotor ba ta da na'urorin motsa jiki kuma tana samar da filin maganadisu ta hanyar maganadisu na dindindin. An rarraba ta zuwa nau'i biyu bisa ga hanyar shigar da maganadisu na dindindin:

;● Motar Daidaita Magnet Mai Zaman Kanta da Aka Sanya a Sama (SPM): Magnet na dindindin ana haɗa su da saman rotor kuma an rufe su da hannun riga mai kariya (misali, carbon fiber) don hana lalacewar centrifugal. An san su da yawan kwararar maganadisu mai yawa a cikin iska, SPMs sun dace da aikace-aikacen da ke da saurin girma da nauyi (misali, tuƙi mara matuƙi).

;● Motar Daidaita Magana ta Dindindin ta Cikin Gida (IPM): Magnets na dindindin suna cikin na'urar juyawa (misali, a cikin ramuka masu siffar V ko U). Ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin jurewa (ƙarin ƙarfin jurewa da aka samar ta hanyar da'irar maganadisu mara daidaituwa ta tsakiyar rotor), IPMs suna haɓaka ƙarfin fitarwa. Tare da ingantaccen aiki da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da IPMs sosai a cikin tsarin tuƙi na abin hawa na lantarki.

(MOTAR EV)

IV. Ka'idar Kulawa ta PMSM: Kula da Vector da Fasahar Dijital

Domin cimma saurin gudu da kuma ikon sarrafa karfin juyi mai kyau, PMSMs sun dogara ne akan fasahar sarrafa vector (Field-Oriented Control, FOC). Babban sa ya ƙunshi canza adadin AC mai matakai uku zuwa adadin DC (dq axis) a cikin tsarin daidaitawa mai juyawa ta hanyar canjin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da damar sarrafa kwarara da karfin juyi mai zaman kansa.

Matakai masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin sarrafawa:

​1. Gano Matsayi: Samun matsayi da saurin rotor a ainihin lokaci ta amfani da na'urar ɓoyewa ko mai warwarewa, yana ba da ma'anar kusurwa don canza daidaitawa.

​2.Samfur da canjin halin yanzu: Tarin kwararar stator mai matakai uku, waɗanda aka canza zuwa kwararar axis na dq suna sarrafa karfin juyi) ta hanyar canjin Clarke/Park.

​3. Lissafin DSP da daidaitawar PWM: Mai sarrafa siginar dijital (DSP) yana ƙididdige ƙimar tunani don kwararar axis na dq bisa ga ƙarfin da saurin da aka nufa, sannan yana samar da siginar tuƙin inverter ta hanyar Tsarin Faɗin Pulse na Sararin Samaniya (SVPWM) don daidaita ƙarfin stator da mita.

Fa'idodin Fasaha: Kula da vector yana raba kwararar iska da karfin juyi, yana rage lokacin amsawa mai ƙarfi zuwa millise seconds kuma yana ba da damar fitar da cikakken karfin juyi a saurin sifili. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar DSPs ko MCUs masu aiki mai girma, wanda ke ƙara sarkakiyar tsarin.

V. Amfani da Rashin Amfanin PMSM

VI. PMSM da BLDC Motar Sauye-sauyen Mita: Haɗin Fasaha da Bambancin Aikace-aikace

Dukansu PMSMs da Brushless DC Variable Frequency Motors (BLDC) sun dogara ne akan maganadisu na dindindin da kuma canjin lantarki, amma sun bambanta a wurin aikace-aikacen:

;● BLDC: Yana mai da hankali kan ƙarancin farashi da sauƙin sarrafawa, ta amfani da injin juyawa mai kusurwa huɗu (EMF na baya na trapezoidal). Ya dace da aikace-aikace masu ƙarancin daidaito, kamar fanka da famfunan ruwa.

;● PMSM: Yana fifita daidaito da aiki mai kyau, ta amfani da drive na sinusoidal (EMF na baya na sinusoidal) da kuma tallafawa sarrafa vector. Ana amfani da shi sosai a fannoni masu inganci kamar robot na masana'antu da motocin lantarki.

Kammalawa

Tare da ingantaccen aiki, ƙaramin girmansa, da kuma ƙarfin amsawar ƙarfi, injin synchronous na dindindin na magnet ya zama "cibiyar ƙarfi" ta masana'antu da sabbin sassan makamashi. Duk da ƙalubalen da ke tattare da sarkakiyar farashi da sarrafawa, ci gaba a cikin kayan maganadisu na dindindin (misali, samarium-iron-nitrogen mai araha) da fasahar sarrafa dijital za su ƙara faɗaɗa yanayin aikace-aikacensa. A nan gaba, PMSMs za su ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni na zamani kamar kera kayayyaki masu wayo da tuƙi mai cin gashin kansa.